Associations between energy intake, daily food intake and energy density of foods and BMI z- score in 2–9- year- old European children. Abstract. Purpose. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between proxy- reported energy intake, daily food intake and energy density of foods and body mass index (BMI) z- score in 2–9- year- old European children. Methods From 1. 6,2. IDEFICS) baseline examination, 9,7.
Participating children were classified according to adapted Goldberg cutoffs: underreports, plausible energy reports and overreports. Energy intake, daily food intake and energy density of foods excluding noncaloric beverages were calculated for all eating occasions.
There is emerging literature demonstrating a relationship between the timing of feeding and weight regulation in animals. However, whether the timing of food intake.
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Effect of energy intake, daily food intake and energy density of foods on BMI z- score was investigated using multilevel regression models in the full sample and subsample of plausible energy reports. Exposure variables were included separately; daily food intake and energy intake were addressed in a combined model to check for interactions. Results. In the group of plausible energy reports (N = 8,5.
Detailed data on food purchases by the Spanish population are available through official statistics (Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación 2006a). · Associations between energy intake, daily food intake and energy density of foods and BMI z-score in 2–9-year-old European children. El libro comprendido como una unidad de hojas impresas que se encuentran encuadernadas en determinado material que forman un volumen ordenado, puede dividir su. This study aims to develop a model with which to build diets taking into account nutritional, climate change and economic aspects. A case study is used to test the. Even more » Account Options. Sign in; Search settings. Faro es el descubridor de información académica y científica de la Biblioteca Universitaria. En él podrás encontrar libros impresos y electrónicos, tesis. Rapeseed meal is often included in the diets of several species of livestock because of its high protein content (35-44% of DM). It is often fed as a substitute for.
BMI z- score. Energy density of foods was not associated with BMI z- score. In the model including energy intake, food intake and an interaction term, only energy intake showed a significantly positive effect on BMI z- score. In the full sample (N = 9,7. BMI z- score. Conclusion. Proxy- reporters are subject to misreporting, especially for children in the higher BMI levels. Energy intake is a more important predictor of unhealthy weight development in children than daily food intake. Keywords: Energy intake, Daily food intake, Energy density of foods, BMI z- score, Children.
Introduction. The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity worldwide is increasing dramatically [1] and is a growing public health concern. The rise in childhood overweight and obesity is a likely consequence of the modern obesogenic and predominantly automated environment characterized by growing sedentary activities and less physical activity [2]. Besides lack of sleep [3] and longer screen time [4], altered dietary behavior toward more frequent breakfast skipping [5], eating out [6], constant eating [7] and high energy snacking [8, 9] and less family meals or fixed meal times [1. Portion sizes consisting mainly of high- energy- dense foods instead of water- containing foods such as fruits and vegetables have increased over the past decades [1.
The portion size (or the amount of eaten food in gram) is highly interrelated with energy intake (in kilocalories, kcal) and energy density of foods [the energy content per amount of food (kcal/g)]. The energy density of foods of a given amount of food (portion size) decreases with increasing water content, since water adds weight and not energy [1. Energy intake is associated with larger portion sizes and has been shown to increase the risk of excess body weight [1.
Due to the dramatic development of childhood obesity, this subject has of late been focused on in numerous studies conducted worldwide. Energy intake, daily food intake and energy density of foods have been linked to the obesity epidemic, mainly in studies carried out in the USA and in some European countries. To date, no study has investigated this association in young children under free- living conditions in a multinational study, following a standardized study protocol [1. The present study aims to add new information to observed associations between energy intake, daily food intake and energy density of foods and body mass index (BMI) z- score of young populations across Europe. The association between the exposure variables and BMI z- score was investigated in a sample that included (a) potentially misreported energy intakes and (b) only plausible reported energy intakes based on a 2. Participants and methods. Study population.
Analyses were based on data of the IDEFICS (identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle- induced health effects in children and infants) study, which is the largest European multicenter study to date, aiming to investigate the causes and consequences of overweight and obesity in 2- to 9- year- old children. The IDEFICS baseline survey enrolled 1.
The baseline survey was conducted in eight European countries (Sweden, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Cyprus, Spain, Belgium and Estonia) from September 2. May 2. 00. 8. Sampling and basic study characteristics have been described elsewhere [1. In each country, participating centers obtained ethical approval from the local responsible authorities in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1.
Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. All children gave personal assent, and the parents or custodian of the child provided written informed consent for all examinations and the collection of samples, analysis and storage of personal data and collected samples. Several modules including interviews with parents and questionnaires pertaining to lifestyle habits and dietary intakes, as well as anthropometric measurements, were incorporated in the survey [1.
Anthropometric measurements. The field methods for assessing weight (kg) and height (cm) comprised anthropometric measurements for standing height using a Seca 2. Seca Gmb. H & KG) according to international standards for anthropometric assessment [1. Body weight was assessed in fasting children using a prototype of the TANITA BC 4. SMA digital scale (TANITA Europe Gmb. H, Sindelfingen, Germany) specifically adapted for children’s feet.
All measurements were performed in light clothing (e. BMI was calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by squared body height in meters and then transformed to an age- and sex- specific z- score. BMI z- score is a measure of relative weight adjusted for child age and sex, as BMI for children cannot be interpreted as in adults for children (the cutoffs of 2. BMI z- scores and weight groups (overweight/obese and thin/normal) were defined using age- and sex- specific cutoff values according to Cole et al. The computer- based 2. In IDEFICS, dietary intake of the previous 2. Self- Administered Children and Infant Nutrition Assessment’ (SACINA) [2.
The type and amount of all foods and drinks consumed during the previous day, starting with the first meal, snack or drink after waking up in the morning; and school or preschool meals, drinks and snacks consumed the day prior to the 2. HDR) were assessed using a standardized observer sheet, which was completed by trained personnel [2.
The software was based on the ‘Young adolescents’ nutrition assessment on computer’ (YANA- C) system [2. HELENA study (http: //www. It was structured according to six meal occasions: breakfast, mid- morning snack, lunch, afternoon snack, evening meal and evening snack. In SACINA, standardized photographs were available to assist portion size estimation. The IDEFICS study protocol required the assessment of one 2. HDR in all children and repeated 2.
HDR interviews in a convenience sample. In the present study sample, 2. Friday, Saturday and Sunday), and 7. Monday to Thursday).
Country- specific food composition tables (FCT) were used to match simple foods or pan- European homogeneous multi- ingredient food items [2. Estonia combined the Norwegian and Finnish FCT [3. Cyprus included foods from the German and Swedish FCT.
For harmonization, all energy and nutrient data of the country- specific FCT were expressed in 1. Standard units were taken from Mc. Cance and Widdowson’s [3. Finally, total energy content was calculated in kcal. The proxies, mainly the parents, were assisted by trained survey personnel or the dietician from the survey team when completing the 2. HDR. The required time frame for one interview was 2. The validity of proxy- reported energy intake from the 2.
HDR was tested using the doubly labeled water technique in young children. The instrument was found to be valid to assess energy intake on group level [3.